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perfumes.For example,"oak moss"was used as a component of several high quality Frenchperfumes in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.Lichens also provide many important ecosystem services.Lichens contribute to biodiversity-they are found in all biomes.Some lichens are pioneers,so they are often the first to occupynewly exposed surfaces.Lichens also contribute to nutrient cycling.In some old-growth forests,lichens contribute up to 50%of the nitrogen.Many animals use lichens.Up to 90%of reindeer'swinter food consists of lichens,and other animals use lichens for nesting material or hidingplaces.Lichens can also inform us about the condition of our environment.Many lichens requirevery specific environmental conditions.For example,presence of certain lichens can be anindicator of climate change.Some lichens are sensitive to air pollution and will disappear whenair quality is poor.Lichens are important also because they are beautiful to look at.How colorful would therocks and cliffs be in the Rocky Mountains without the reds,yellows and greens of the crustlichens?Without these living creatures,our natural areas would look pretty boring and a littlemore lifeless.28.How does the author introduce lichens in paragraph 1?A.By explaining the standard definition.B.By describing the growing process.C.By stating the wide range of coverage.D.By showing the diverse species.29.Which of the following functions are lichens least likely to perform?A.To treat lung disorders.B.To dye natural stuff.C.To make perfumes.D.To remove chemicals.30.Why are lichens important for assessing environmental conditions?A.They are sensitive to air quality.B.They can survive in extreme weather.C.They provide nesting material for birds.D.They indicate old-growth conditions.31.What's the structure of the passage?①①①②③①④②③④ABDDThe new e-skin improves tasks requiring accuracy (and force control,overcoming abig challenge in advancing technology.Unlike traditional e-skins,this new e-skin stays accurateeven when it stretches."Much like human skin has to stretch and bend as we move,so doese-skin,"explains Nanshu Lu,a professor in the Cockrell School.The breakthrough lies in an innovative hybrid response pressure sensor that Lu and herpartners have developed over years.Lu sees the stretchable e-skin as an important part of arobot hand that can mirror the softness and sensitivity of a human hand.This new e-skintechnology senses pressure from contact,letting the attached machine know how much force to高一英语试题卷第5页共10页